Exam

Second Semester Exam
2 Hours Friday, 6 June 8:25 -10:25 Be sure to bring Redo and rework old worksheets and quizzes. You will receive periodic table, list of common polyatomic ions. Visit student-generated review wiki topics Consult a source when you have a question, need help or need practice Focus your time on your weakest areas
 * Ruler
 * Calculator
 * Pencil/Pen/Eraser
 * Biology Textbook to turn in

**Chemical naming and formula writing**
__Naming Binary Ionic Compounds: the formula begin with a metal cation or the ammonium cation. Formulas often end with a polyatomic anion.__ If the metal is one of the transition metals, Roman numeral is used to indicate which oxidation state the metal is exhibiting.Naming positive ions (usually metals) Naming negative ions (usually nonmetals or polyatomic ions) Polyatomic ions are charged particles consisting off two or more different elements. > Hydrocarbons which contain only single bonds are called alkanes. They are called saturated hydrocarbons because there is a hydrogen in every possible location. This gives them a general formula CnH2n+2. The first four alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, and butane with the Lewis symbols shown below. > CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 > Next 6 Alkanes are: Pentane (C5H12), Hexane (C6H14), Septane (C7H16), Octane (C8H18), Nonane (C9H20) and Decane (C10H22) >
 * Binary Ionic (two elements, one metal and one nonmetal)
 * 1) write the name of the metallic cation followed by the name of the nonmetallic anion.
 * 2) balance according to valency (net charge)
 * Monatomic, metal, cation: simply the name of the metal from which it is derived. Al3+ is the aluminum ion (these are often referred to as group A metals).
 * Transition metals form //more than one ion//; Roman numerals (in parentheses) follow the ion’s name. Cu2+ is copper (II) ion. //Exception//: mercury (I) is Hg22+, that is, two Hg+ bonded together covalently.
 * NH4+is ammonium.
 * Roman numerals are not usually written with silver, cadmium, and zinc. Arrange their symbols in alphabetical order—the first one is 1+ and the other two are 2+.
 * Monatomic, nonmetal, anion: add the suffix -//ide// to the stem of the nonmetal’s name. Halogens are called the //halides//. Cl- is the chloride ion.
 * Polyatomic anion: you must memorize the polyatomic ion’s name. NO2-is the nitrite ion.
 * Naming ionic compounds**: The positive ion name is given //first// (remember, if it’s a transition metal, the Roman numeral indicating its charge is part of its name), followed by the name of the negative ion. //No// prefixes are used.
 * Binary Ionic (with multi-charge cation) (some transition metals have more than one charge: some examples are Gold, Lead, Copper, Iron)
 * Polyatomic**
 * Binary Covalent (bond between two nometals...electrons shared)
 * Diatomic (two-atom molecules..halogens..nonmetals ex: Fluorine F2, Chlorine Cl2, Bromine Br2, Ioidine I2, Hydrogen H2, Nitrogen N2, Oxygen O2
 * Common Acids (hydrogen ion first)
 * [[image:http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/imgche/comacid.gif caption="external image comacid.gif"]]
 * Alkanes

**Stoichiometry**
(mass, moles, and elementary particles) How to: convert between mass, moles and elementary particles elementary particles: atoms, imolecules, Molar mass Avogadro's number Molarity, molality (concentrations) gases (volume at STP 101.3 kPa) density Calculating concentrations of solutions

While knowing definitions and terms is important whilst learning Stoichiometry, the key is still practice, practice, and practice more.


Key terms Mole : a mole of a substance represents 6.02 x 10²³ representative particles of the substance. Avogadro's number: 6.02 x 10²³ is the Avogadro's number. Representative Particles: refers to the species present in a substance, usually atoms, molecules, or formula units. Molar Mass : the mass in grams of one mole of any substance Gram Atomic Mass (GAM): the atomic mass of an element expressed in grams Gram Molecular Mass (GMM): the atomic mass of a molecular compound expressed in grams Gram Formula Mass (GFM): the formula mass expressed in grams // **GMM only refer to molecules while GFM refers to all chemical formulas** // Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) : the condition in which the temperature is 0°C and the pressure is 101.3 kPa Molar Volume : the volume of the gas at STP // the volume of all gases at STP is 22.4L // Solution: a substance that dissolved in another substance Solubility: the amount of solute the solvent can dissolve at STP Saturated Solution: a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute for a given amount of solvent at a constant temperature Supersaturated Solution: a solution that contains beyond the maximum amount of solute than its solubility allows Unsaturated Solution: a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute for a given amount of solvent at a constant t emperature


 * Practice Problems**

//Type 1: Finding the number of representative particles.//

A. How many moles of magnesium is 3.45 x 10²³ atoms of flourine? B. How many atoms are in 4.32 moles of (C4H10)?

//Type 2: Finding gam, gfm, and gmm.//

A. What is the grand atomic mass of hydrogen (this isn't a trick question). B. What is the gfm of C2H6? **Is "what is the gmm of C2H6" a valid question?** C. What is the gfm of 3(NaCl)? //Is "what is the gmm of 3(NaCl)" a valid question?//

//Type 3: Given quantity, find mass (and visa versa).//

A. How many grams is 5.02 moles of C3H7OH? B. How many grams is 3.4545 x 10³⁴representative particles of H2O?

//Type 4: Problems involving fluids.//

A. How many liters does 3.4545 x 10³⁴representative particles of H2O take up? B. Given 44.8liters of water, find the number of moles of H2O.

Biology Topics
Evolution Genetics DNA, DNA replication, and protein synthesis